There were very few whites left since most of them had fled out of fear and Dessalines proclamation in 1804 stated Never will any colonist of European set foot on this land as a master or proprietor.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'studyboss_com-box-4','ezslot_9',107,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-studyboss_com-box-4-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'studyboss_com-box-4','ezslot_10',107,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-studyboss_com-box-4-0_1');.box-4-multi-107{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:15px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:15px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;min-width:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. Currently, the worlds population is growing at a rate of approximately 1.07% per year. )solar: 1.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Versus uses cookies to improve your experience on the site. Cuba's communist revolution, with Soviet support, was exported throughout Latin America and Africa during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Cuba did not receive this status from Spain though and Cubans start a little war (La Guerra Chiquita) that lasts from 1879 to 1880. Haitis irregular coastline forms a long, slender peninsula in the south and a shorter one in the north, separated by the triangular-shaped Gulf of Gonve. They have led some seminal revolutions that have affected the world, and earned the has provoked the ire of world powers. The Cuban government has begun to make strides in improving certain elements of the ecosystem, including their much-publicized organic farming and new permaculture system. )other alcohols: 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Populous cities or countries usually offer better employment opportunities because of their large economies. In 1902, Cuba became "independent", but, according to the . This led to the war being very limited with very little getting accomplished. US intervention during the Spanish-American War in 1898 assisted the Cubans in overthrowing Spanish rule. A massive magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck Haiti in January 2010 with an epicenter about 25 km (15 mi) west of the capital, Port-au-Prince. The percentage of adults considered obese. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Some 18.9 million people, or 23% of Germany's population, have either immigrated to the country since 1950 or are the children of . This, however, did not last long as both groups soon learned that France would repeatedly go back on the bargains it made with different groups. Author of. Cuba's vaccine development effort wasn't just risky from health perspective. ), total subscriptions: 1,502,230 (2020 est. )1.74% (2019 est. [3], Cubans feared a repeat of the Haitian Revolution, which was not quelled by the current guerrilla warfare in Haiti by the caco forces against the Americans. On 12 January 2017, the US and Cuba signed a Joint Statement ending the so-called "wet-foot, dry-foot" policy by which Cuban nationals who reached US soil were permitted to stay. Haitian culture and French and Haitian Creole languages, first entered Cuba with the arrival of Haitian immigrants at the start of the 19th century. Haiti is bordered to the east by the Dominican Republic, which covers the rest of Hispaniola, to the south and west by the Caribbean, and to the north by the Atlantic Ocean. England, despite its loss to the U.S. and its friction with France, abandoned Haiti and left the country twisting in the wind for nearly a century. The GDP per capita is calculated by dividing the total GDP by the number of people living in the country. The total length of the navigable inland bodies of water. Cubans had been struggling with racial divisions and discrimination for several decades and the wars had done more to exploit these rather than unite the two groups. ), $985.4 million (2017 est. Source: Wikipedia, 2023; UNData, 2023. The most northerly range, known as the Cordillera Septentrional in the Dominican Republic, occurs in Haiti only on Tortue Island, off the northern coast. Another setback on Spains part was the reconcentrado policy Valeriano Weyler which brought about 400,000 rural Cubans into cities to try and keep control. Karstic features, such as limestone caves, grottoes, and subterranean rivers, are present in many parts of the country. Haiti did not fare well in the global economy after it gained its independence, but they were able to dismantle the previous political and social systems that had been in place while they were a colony.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'studyboss_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_11',112,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-studyboss_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0'); This was partly due to the fact that there were few to no whites left on in Haiti once they were independent from France. )nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Continue with Recommended Cookies. ), limited available information; estimated 50,000 active personnel (approximately 40,000 Army; 3,000 Navy; 8,000 Air Force) (2022), the military's inventory is comprised of aging Russian and Soviet-era equipment (2022), 17-28 years of age for compulsory (men) and voluntary (men and women) military service; conscripts serve for two years (2022), the FAR has a large role in the Cuban economy through several military owned and operated conglomerates, including such sectors as banking, hotels, industry, retail, transportation, and tourism (2022), US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased to US and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the facility can terminate the lease, Tier 3 Cuba does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; the government made some efforts to investigate, prosecute, and convict sex traffickers and sex tourists and identified and provided assistance to some victims; however, no efforts were made to address forced labor; there was a government policy or pattern to profit from labor export programs with strong indications of forced labor, particularly in foreign medical missions; authorities did not protect potential trafficking victims, leaving them at risk of being detained or charged for crimes their traffickers forced them to commit (2020), Cuba is not a major consumer, producer, or transit point of illicit drugs; strict policing on smuggling, production and consumption; prescription drug abuse is increasing, total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030, country code - 53; the ALBA-1, GTMO-1,and GTMO-PRfiber-optic submarine cables link Cuba, Jamaica, and Venezuela;satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region), Children under the age of 5 years underweight, School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education), International law organization participation, Household income or consumption by percentage share, Civil aircraft registration country code prefix, Military and security service personnel strengths, Military equipment inventories and acquisitions, Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI). The assassination of Haiti's president, growing civil unrest, and . However, this would not by the end of Spains troubles with Cuba.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'studyboss_com-banner-1','ezslot_8',108,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-studyboss_com-banner-1-0'); Two parties formed in Cuba after the Ten Years War; the conservatives and the reformists, while many Cubans who still wanted revolution fled to New York. In 1971, the inhabitants of Saint Domingue were discontent with how France was running the colony and issues started to boil over the edge. The native Amerindian population of Cuba began to decline after the arrival of Christopher COLUMBUS in 1492 and following its development as a Spanish colony during the next several centuries. )1 (2016 est. The higher the growth, the more dynamic society feels. Cuba awakened dramatically in the nineteenth century. Dominican Republic. )expenditures: $64.64 billion (2017 est. Inspired in large part by the French Revolution, diverse groups in the colony of Saint-Domingue began fighting against French colonial power in 1791. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. The second major range, Haitis Massif du Nord (Northern Massif), is a series of parallel chains known in the Dominican Republic as the Cordillera Central. Haiti had no significant world trading partners. Photo Credit: Garry Pierre-Perre. ), -2.53 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est. The standard value-added tax (VAT) rate. Cuba. )$2.008 billion (2016 est.). The native Amerindian population of Cuba began to decline after the European discovery of the island by Christopher COLUMBUS in 1492 and following its development as a Spanish colony during the next several centuries. White elites still stayed in power and blacks still faced heavy discrimination. To get a better idea of how large the country is, you can compare it with a soccer field, which has 0.007km. You can find Cuba visa exemptions. To the west of the capital, near the quakes epicentre, the city of Logne was almost completely ruined. Cuba-Haiti relations refer to the bilateral relations between Cuba and Haiti. China 38%, Spain 11%, Netherlands 5%, Germany 5% (2019), cigars, raw sugar, nickel products, rum, zinc (2019), $11.06 billion (2017 est. Haiti and Cuba compared side by side. On the other hand, while Cuba did gain independence from Spain by the end of the nineteenth-century the interference from the U. S. as well as the racial divide between white Cuban elites and former black slave kept Cuba from truly having a revolution. This strayed from the ideals that the right to . Source: Wikipedia, 2023. The main political idea was that of popular sovereignty. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Recalling Cuba's development achievements, he said the international community must intensify efforts to reject such embargoes. )note: private citizens are prohibited from buying computers or accessing the Internet without special authorization; foreigners may access the Internet in large hotels but are subject to firewalls; some Cubans buy illegal passwords on the black market or take advantage of public outlets to access limited email and the government-controlled "intranet"; issues relating to COVID-19 impact research into internet adoption, so actual internet user figures may be different than published numbers suggest, total: 231,654 (2020 est. The percentage of land covered by forests. The total length of the border between the land area and the sea, including the countrys islands. Various facts, figures, measures and indicators are listed allowing similarities and differences to quickly be examined. Cuba is one of the last-remaining communist countries in the world, and has endured decades of trade embargoes imposed by the United States, cutting off its access to essential supplies. He is also the co-founder of the City University Graduate School of Journalisms Center for Community and Ethnic Media and a senior producer at CUNY TV. )government consumption: 31.6% (2017 est. Fidel CASTRO led a rebel army to victory in 1959; his authoritarian rule held the subsequent regime together for nearly five decades. The U.S. reaction was swift and President Kennedy imposed an embargo that is still in place, even though the Obama administration is taking measure to lift it piece by piece. The youth unemployment rate is calculated as a percent of the total youth labor force. Haiti was a French colony, and the final years of the 1791-1804 Haitian Revolution brought a wave of French settlers fleeing with their Haitian slaves to Cuba. The U.S. Coast Guard, which monitors the vast waters between Florida's shorelines, the Bahamas, Cuba and Haiti, had onboard its cutters more than 1,000 migrants most of them Cuban, though . )crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est. The first victory was the military defeat of Spain: In the Spanish-American War of 1898, US troops intervened in the Spanish Caribbean colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico as well as in some Pacific islands where President William McKinley (1843-1901) established US military governments. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. (Haiti). . Amid the lingering political and institutional crisis, high vulnerability to natural hazards, coupled with violent gangs vying to gain control over business districts, the economy contracted for three consecutive years by 1.7% in 2019, 3.3% in 2020, and 1.8% . But there are similarities and Cuba and Haiti are a perfect example of this. Compare And Contrast Latin American Revolutions. The earthquake was assessed as the worst in this region over the last 200 years. Haitian Cubans (Spanish: Haitiano-Cubano; French: Hatien Cubain; Haitian Creole: Ayisyen Kiben) are Cuban citizens of full or partial Haitian ancestry. The first half of Freedom's Mirror takes the reader up to Haitian independence and victory over Napoleon's forces in 1804. Since then, it has graduated 7,290 physicians from the Americas, Africa, the Mideast, Asia and Oceania. The real GDP growth rate represents the year-over-year GDP growth, calculated by taking into account the price fluctuations caused by inflation. The ranges western extension on the southern peninsula is called the Massif de la Hotte (Massif du Sud), which rises to 7,700 feet (2,345 metres) at Macaya Peak. The isolation had a devastating toll on the nascent nation. Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez, hand-picked by Raul CASTRO to succeed him, was approved as president by the National Assembly and took office on 19 April 2018. )$134.2 billion (2015 est. The average life expectancy at birth for the countrys male population. [10], Marc C. McLeod, "Undesirable Aliens: Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism in the Comparison of Haitian and British West Indian Workers in Cuba, 1912-1939." ), Spain 19%, China 15%, Italy 6%, Canada 5%, Russia 5%, United States 5%, Brazil 5% (2019), poultry meat, wheat, soybean products, corn, concentrated milk (2019), $11.35 billion (31 December 2017 est. The average life expectancy at birth for the countrys female population. The backbone of the island of Hispaniola consists of four major mountain ranges that extend from west to east. However, neither of these groups sought after independence and reformists mainly wanted Spain to treat Cuba as a province. The countrys total land area (excluding inland and sea waters). )services: 73.4% (2017 est. )wine: 0.23 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. David Geggus assures us that Toussaint had few other options, but this ultimately led to his defeat by Bonaparte and France. The generally rugged topography of central and western Hispaniola is reflected in Haitis name, which derives from the indigenous Arawak place-name Ayti (Mountainous Land); about two-thirds of the total land area is above 1,600 feet (490 metres) in elevation. To reflect the differences in the cost of living and inflation rates, we show the GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP). Publicado em . However, a revolution implies grand economic, political, and/or social change and the colonies' standing in all three of these spheres remained relatively the same after the war was over. Help us by suggesting a value. The capital is Port-au-Prince. The number of physicians (generalist and specialist medical doctors) per 1,000 people. [7], Haitians lived in small communities near the sugar cane plantations, very rural and removed from populous cities. ), production: 0 metric tons (2020 est. In a scant few years, Cuba was transformed from a sleepy, unimportant island into the major . ins.style.display='block';ins.style.minWidth=container.attributes.ezaw.value+'px';ins.style.width='100%';ins.style.height=container.attributes.ezah.value+'px';container.appendChild(ins);(adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({});window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'stat_source_id',44);window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'adsensetype',1);var lo=new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent);lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId+'-asloaded'),{attributes:true}); There slaves that resisted used multiple methods, including, running away, sabotage, faking sicknesses, self-mutilation mocking of authorities, etc. )biomass and waste: 2.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Earliest Migrations into the Caribbean: 4000-2000 BC. France was struggling with slaves running away or forming small rebellions against their masters while free people of mixed races were calling for their rights to be upheld by France. By Garry Pierre-Pierre. Since Hurricane Georges, Cuba has sent medical aid to Haiti in the form of doctors, education and medical supplies. Haiti is bordered to the east by the Dominican Republic, which covers the rest of Hispaniola, to the south and west by the Caribbean, and to the north by the Atlantic Ocean. Although economic sanctions remain in place, the United States is the largest provider of food and agricultural products to Cuba, with exports of those goods valued at $220.5 million in 2018. The database contains 1,400 time series indicators for 217 economies and more than 40 country groups, with data for many indicators going back more than 50 years. )consumption: 976.023 million cubic meters (2019 est. Cuban racists beliefs combined with economic concerns were a direct catalyst for this drastic Haitian exodus. ), total: 17.9% (2020 est. Haiti has one of the highest levels of food insecurity in the world. Haiti and Cuba living comparison. Guyana . In Cuba's case, rigid central planning and stifling one-party communism are the main culprits, while Haiti is suffering the opposite problem: a slide . The Treaty of Paris established Cuban independence from Spain in 1898 and, following three-and-a-half years of subsequent US military rule, Cuba became an independent republic in 1902 after which the island experienced a string of governments mostly dominated by the military and corrupt politicians. )imports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est. Although they planned to return to Haiti, most stayed on in Cuba. )1 (2015 est. Last month, I spent a week in Cuba and saw a country buzzing with excitement, as people get ready to capitalize on economic opportunities that are looming on the horizon. The rebels create their own provisional government and designed a strategy to attack the western part of the island, instead of fighting a limited war like the Ten Years War. Unfortunately Haiti was in a tough spot after going through thirteen years of war and losing about half its population. Please select which sections you would like to print: Alternate titles: Ayti, Rpublique dHati, Repiblik Dayti, Republic of Haiti, Director of Research, National Centre for Scientific Research, Paris. However, the Cubans fighting against Spain were not strongly in favor of abolition to keep the support of the western side of the island that survived economically on the labor of slaves. Many have arrived in recent years due to natural disasters in Haiti such as the 2010 Haiti Earthquake. The surrounding seas are renowned for their coral reefs. There has been documented change in infant mortality and life expectancy in Haiti due to Cuba's medical aid. Privacy policy, Unknown. 1982 - Cuba, together with other Latin American states, gives Argentina moral support in its dispute with Britain over . A long fault line crosses the southern peninsula and passes just south of Port-au-Prince. )female: 10.3% (2020 est. SCBI was designed to address some of the reasons why past capacity building activities had not delivered. HAVANA, Cuba - Haitians and Cubans have been allies for quite some time, and that bond remains to this day. In 1999, he left the New York Times to launch the Haitian Times, a New York-based English-language publication serving the Haitian Diaspora. how was the development of cuba and of haiti different; how was the development of cuba and of haiti different. Cuba lies some 50 miles (80 km) west of Haiti's northern peninsula, across the Windward Passage, a strait connecting the Atlantic to the Caribbean. $2.63 billion (2017 est. Explore similarities and differences. 1980 - Around 125,000 Cubans, many of them released convicts, flee to the US. ins.style.display='block';ins.style.minWidth=container.attributes.ezaw.value+'px';ins.style.width='100%';ins.style.height=container.attributes.ezah.value+'px';container.appendChild(ins);(adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({});window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'stat_source_id',44);window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'adsensetype',1);var lo=new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent);lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId+'-asloaded'),{attributes:true}); In both of these nations, slaves fought against colonial rulers against France and Spain. Saint Domingue and Cuba wished to overthrow their colonial rulers, but had a difficult doing so because France and Spain were not eager to let their moneymaking colonies go. - The Caribbean region lies on four different tectonic plates. Haiti was the first country to stoke the ire of the international community. Haiti will also provide emergency obstetric care in 108 health institutions constructing, rehabilitating or equipping facilities as necessary. In the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake, Cuba was among the first responders sending medical teams seeing hundreds of thousands of patients, and performing over 70,000 surgeries. [2] This different treatment of migrant laborers is due to several factors. Create Custom Personalized World Maps at Themapic.com, 20 May 1902 (from Spain 10 December 1898; administered by the US from 1898 to 1902); not acknowledged by the Cuban Government as a day of independence, Roman Catholic 80%, Protestant 16% (Baptist 10%, Pentecostal 4%, Adventist 1%, other 1%), none 1%, other 3%, nominally 85% Roman Catholic prior to CASTRO assuming power; Protestants, Jehovah's Witnesses, Jews, and Santeria are also represented, Caribbean, western one-third of the island of Hispaniola, between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, west of the Dominican Republic, Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, 150 km south of Key West, Florida, tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds, tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October). This enabled Haitians to keep control over the cultural values their children received. ), degree of risk: intermediate (2020)food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis Avectorborne diseases: dengue fever, total: 4.7 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. Over 3,000 doctors have been sent to Haiti since 1998 and have educated 550 Haitians at Latin American Medical School 2010 Haiti Earthquake, Cuba was among the first responders sending medical teams seeing . )investment in inventories: 0% (2017 est. Castro almost saw out 11 US presidents since 1959, but he never lived to see the end of the US embargo. In FY 2021, the US Coast Guard interdicted 838 Cuban nationals at sea. It is bounded by two minor mountain ranges on the west and southrespectively, the Cahos Mountains and the Noires Mountains. Estimates of the number of people killed ranged upward of 200,000, and several hundred thousand others were injured. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. At that time, the French and English armies were embroiled in the so-called 100 years wars and fought many a proxy battles including Haiti. evusheld astrazeneca cost . Editors note: Second of a three-part series. Haiti was able to turn the previous system upside by having former slaves and people of mixed race hold and exercise power over their nation, once France withdrew from the island and recognized their independence. )agricultural: 4.519 billion cubic meters (2017 est. Spanish (official)major-language sample(s): La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de informacin bsica. )2.9% of GDP (2017 est. ), fossil fuels: 95.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Source: Wikipedia, 2023. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Jean-Bertrand Aristide and Fidel Castro agreed to reestablish relations in 1997 and later that year, a Cuban Embassy opened up in Port-au-Prince. Manage Settings )from consumed natural gas: 1.814 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. Nearly 50 years later, Haiti is now the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere and the fourth poorest in the world. England, for its part helped Haiti during its fight to rid itself of French rule and slavery. )wind: 0.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est. In October 2019, Miguel Daz-Canel was confirmed as president of Cuba, with nearly 97 percent of the votes of National Assembly members. The percentage of the countrys population with access to improved drinking water sources, such as piped water or protected wells. Haitis shores are generally rocky, rimmed with cliffs, and indented by a number of excellent natural harbours. Obesity is a public health problem and increases the risk of chronic diseases. )note: data are in Cuban Pesos at 1 CUP = 1 US$; official exchange rate. The two countries share warm relations, and Cuban doctors over the last 20 years have literally saved thousands of Haitian lives working in clinics in far-flung places in the mountainous country. According to Margaret Chan, the world should follow the example of the island in this arena and replace the curative model, inefficient and more expensive, with a prevention-based system. In the 17th century it was a stronghold of privateers and pirates from various countries. Haiti At-A-Glance. Immediately following the earthquake, its graduates began e-mailing former classmates and recruited hundreds willing to serve in Haiti. (Spanish)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. ), sugar cane, cassava, vegetables, plantains, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, milk, pumpkins, mangoes/guavas, rice, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, pharmaceuticals, tobacco, construction, steel, cement, agricultural machinery, sugar, 5.135 million (2021 est. Haiti remains the poorest country in the LAC region and among the poorest countries in the world. The Haitian Revolution was the only successful revolt by enslaved Black people in history, and it led to the creation of the second independent nation in the Western Hemisphere, after the United States. Deforestation has caused much soil erosion, and as much as one-third of Haitis land may have eroded beyond recovery. ), household consumption: 57% (2017 est. ), conventional long form: Republic of Cubaconventional short form: Cubalocal long form: Republica de Cubalocal short form: Cubaetymology: name derives from the Taino Indian designation for the island "coabana" meaning "great place", name: Havanageographic coordinates: 23 07 N, 82 21 Wtime difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November; note - Cuba has been known to alter the schedule of DST on short notice in an attempt to conserve electricity for lightingetymology: the sites of Spanish colonial cities often retained their original Taino names; Habana, the Spanish name for the city, may be based on the name of a local Taino chief, HABAGUANEX, 15 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 special municipality* (municipio especial); Artemisa, Camaguey, Ciego de Avila, Cienfuegos, Granma, Guantanamo, Holguin, Isla de la Juventud*, La Habana, Las Tunas, Matanzas, Mayabeque, Pinar del Rio, Sancti Spiritus, Santiago de Cuba, Villa Clara, 20 May 1902 (from Spain 10 December 1898; administered by the US from 1898 to 1902); not acknowledged by the Cuban Government as a day of independence, Triumph of the Revolution (Liberation Day), 1 January (1959), history: several previous; latest drafted 14 July 2018, approved by the National Assembly 22 December 2018, approved by referendum 24 February 2019amendments: proposed by the National Assembly of Peoples Power; passage requires approval of at least two-thirds majority of the National Assembly membership; amendments to constitutional articles on the authorities of the National Assembly, Council of State, or any rights and duties in the constitution also require approval in a referendum; constitutional articles on the Cuban political, social, and economic system cannot be amended, civil law system based on Spanish civil code, has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt, citizenship by birth: yescitizenship by descent only: yesdual citizenship recognized: noresidency requirement for naturalization: unknown, chief of state: President Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez (since 19 April 2018); Vice President Salvador Antonio VALDES Mesa (since 10 October 2019)head of government: Prime Minister Manuel MARRERO Cruz (since 21 December 2019); Deputy Prime Ministers Ramiro VALDES Menendez, Ines Maria CHAPMAN Waugh, Jorge Luis TAPIA Fonseca, Alejandro GIL Fernandez, Ricardo CABRISAS Ruiz (since 21 December 2019), and Jorge Luis PERDOMO DI-LELLA (since 20 April 2021)cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the president and appointed by the National Assemblyelections/appointments: president and vice president indirectly elected by the National Assembly for a 5-year term (may be reelected for another 5-year term); election last held on 10 October 2019 (next to be held NA)election results: 2019: Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez (PCC) elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - 98.8%; Salvador Antonio VALDES Mesa (PCC) elected vice president; percent of National Assembly vote - 98.1%2018: Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez (PCC) elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - 98.8%; Salvador Antonio VALDES Mesa (PCC) elected vice president; percent of National Assembly vote - 100%note - on 19 April 2018, DIAZ-CANEL succeeded Raul CASTRO as president of the Councils of State and Ministers; on 10 October 2019 he was elected to the newly created position of President of the Republic, which replaced the position of President of the Councils of State and Ministers, description: unicameral National Assembly of People's Power or Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular (605 seats; (586 seats filled in 2021); members directly elected by absolute majority vote; members serve 5-year terms); note 1 - the National Candidature Commission submits a slate of approved candidates; to be elected, candidates must receive more than 50% of valid votes otherwise the seat remains vacant or the Council of State can declare another election; note 2 - in July 2019, the National Assembly passed a law which reduces the number of members from 605 to 474, effective with the 2023 general electionelections: last held on 11 March 2018 (next to be held in early 2023)election results: Cuba's Communist Party is the only legal party, and officially sanctioned candidates run unopposed; composition (as of June 2021) - men 273, women 313, percent of women 53.4%, highest court(s): People's Supreme Court (consists of court president, vice president, 41 professional justices, and NA lay judges); organization includes the State Council, criminal, civil, administrative, labor, crimes against the state, and military courts)judge selection and term of office: professional judges elected by the National Assembly are not subject to a specific term; lay judges nominated by workplace collectives and neighborhood associations and elected by municipal or provincial assemblies; lay judges appointed for 5-year terms and serve up to 30 days per yearsubordinate courts: People's Provincial Courts; People's Regional Courts; People's Courts, Cuban Communist Party or PCC [Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez], ACP, ALBA, AOSIS, CELAC, EAEU (observer), FAO, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IFAD, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, NAM, OAS (excluded from formal participation since 1962), OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, Petrocaribe, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Lianys TORRES RIVERA (since 14 January 2021)chancery: 2630 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009telephone: [1] (202) 797-8515 through 8518FAX: [1] (202) 797-8521email address and website: recepcion@usadc.embacuba.cuhttp://misiones.minrex.gob.cu/en/usa, chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Timothy ZUNIGA-BROWN (since 31 July 2020)embassy: Calzada between L & M Streets, Vedado, Havanamailing address: 3200 Havana Place, Washington DC 20521-3200telephone: [53] (7) 839-4100FAX: [53] (7) 839-4247email address and website: acshavana@state.govhttps://cu.usembassy.gov/, five equal horizontal bands of blue (top, center, and bottom) alternating with white; a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a white, five-pointed star in the center; the blue bands refer to the three old divisions of the island: central, occidental, and oriental; the white bands describe the purity of the independence ideal; the triangle symbolizes liberty, equality, and fraternity, while the red color stands for the blood shed in the independence struggle; the white star, called La Estrella Solitaria (the Lone Star) lights the way to freedom and was taken from the flag of Texasnote: design similar to the Puerto Rican flag, with the colors of the bands and triangle reversed, royal palm; national colors: red, white, blue, name: "La Bayamesa" (The Bayamo Song)lyrics/music: Pedro FIGUEREDOnote: adopted 1940; Pedro FIGUEREDO first performed "La Bayamesa" in 1868 during the Ten Years War against the Spanish; a leading figure in the uprising, FIGUEREDO was captured in 1870 and executed by a firing squad; just prior to the fusillade he is reputed to have shouted, "Morir por la Patria es vivir" (To die for the country is to live), a line from the anthem, total World Heritage Sites: 9 (7 cultural, 2 natural)selected World Heritage Site locales: Old Havana (c); Trinidad and the Valley de los Ingenios (c); San Pedro de la Roca Castle (c); Desembarco del Granma National Park (n); Viales Valley (c); Archaeological Landscape of the First Coffee Plantations (c); Alejandro de Humboldt National Park (n); Historic Cienfuegos (c); Historic Camagey (c), still largely state-run planned economy, although privatization increasing under new constitution; widespread protests due to lack of basic necessities and electricity; massive foreign investment increases recently; known tobacco exporter; unique oil-for-doctors relationship with Venezuela; widespread corruption, $137 billion (2017 est.